Nivoi engleskog jezika · nivo B1

Gerund ili infinitiv (B1) — objašnjenje i vežbe

Kada se u engleskom dva glagola nađu jedan uz drugi, drugi dolazi ili u obliku na -ing (gerund) ili kao to + infinitiv. Izbor zavisi od prvog glagola: I enjoy hiking, ali I want to learn. Srpsko „da + glagol“ („uživam da planinarim“, „želim da učim“) tu ne pomaže, jer se uvek prevodi isto, pa je ovo jedna od najčešćih grešaka na nivou B1.

Dobra vest je da postoji nekoliko pouzdanih pravila: posle predloga uvek ide -ing, posle prideva to + infinitiv, a posle let i make osnovni glagol bez to. Ostatak čine grupe glagola koje vredi naučiti napamet. Pravila i primeri su ispod, a kviz ih proverava uz objašnjenje na srpskom za svaki odgovor.

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Glagoli posle kojih ide -ing

Oblik na -ing ide posle glagola enjoy, avoid, finish, mind, keep, suggest, consider, practise, fancy i can't stand, kao i posle frazalnog glagola give up: I enjoy cooking, You should avoid using your phone before bed, Do you mind opening the window? I'm considering changing jobs. Isto važi za izraze it's no use, there's no point in, be worth i spend time: The old town is worth visiting, They spent the whole Saturday cleaning the flat. Kada je glagol subjekat rečenice, najčešće je takođe na -ing: Swimming is good for your heart. Posebno pazi na suggest: ispravno je Mina suggested taking a taxi, a ne suggested us to take.

Glagoli posle kojih ide to + infinitiv

To + infinitiv ide posle glagola want, decide, hope, plan, agree, promise, offer, refuse, manage, afford i seem: We've decided to buy a car, She hopes to study medicine, He seems to be tired. Uvek ga traže i would like i would love: Would you like to have something to drink? I'd love to visit you. Infinitiv sa to ide i posle prideva (easy to use), posle too + pridev (too young to drive) i posle upitnih reči (I'm not sure what to do). Svrhu, srpsko „da bih“, izražavamo sa to: I went to the shop to buy some milk, dok for ide samo uz imenicu (for some milk). Sa objektom: My boss wants me to finish the report.

Predlozi, let i make

Posle predloga glagol uvek dobija -ing: good at fixing, interested in taking, afraid of walking, thanks for helping, without paying, instead of taking, before leaving. Najveća zamka je look forward to: tu je to predlog, a ne deo infinitiva, pa se kaže I'm looking forward to seeing you, a ne to see you. Isto je i sa What about i How about kada nešto predlažemo: What about watching a film tonight? Posle let i make + objekat ide osnovni glagol bez to: My parents let me stay out late, The teacher made us read the text again. Uz make se infinitiv sa to javlja samo u pasivu: we were made to read.

Glagoli posle kojih idu oba oblika

Posle like, love, hate, start i begin mogu oba oblika, bez velike razlike u značenju: I love cooking i I love to cook, It started raining i It started to rain. Ovo ne važi za would like i would love, posle kojih ide samo to + infinitiv: I'd like to swim. Prefer ima dve konstrukcije: prefer X to Y, gde su oba glagola na -ing (I prefer staying at home to going out), i prefer to + infinitiv uz rather than (I prefer to stay at home rather than go out). Kada nisi siguran, postavi tri pitanja: da li ispred stoji predlog, da li je ispred pridev i kojoj grupi pripada glavni glagol.

Primeri

I really enjoy hiking in the mountains.

Baš uživam da planinarim.

We've decided to buy a car.

Odlučili smo da kupimo auto.

I'm looking forward to seeing you next week.

Radujem se što ću te videti sledeće nedelje.

My parents let me stay out late at weekends.

Roditelji mi vikendom dozvoljavaju da ostanem napolju do kasno.

This app is very easy to use.

Ova aplikacija je veoma laka za korišćenje.

I went to the shop to buy some milk.

Otišao sam u prodavnicu da kupim mleko.

Najčešće greške

Zašto vežbati gerund i infinitiv na Spremku

Pitanja su sastavljena oko grešaka koje nastaju kada se srpsko „da + glagol“ prevodi doslovno: enjoy to, suggest to, let me to i look forward to see. Svaki odgovor ima objašnjenje na srpskom, težina je prilagođena nivou B1, a vežbe su besplatne i ne traže registraciju.

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Česta pitanja

Da li posle like ide -ing ili to?

Mogu oba: I like swimming i I like to swim. Ali posle would like ide samo to + infinitiv: I'd like to swim.

Zašto se kaže looking forward to seeing, a ne to see?

U izrazu look forward to reč to je predlog, a posle predloga glagol uvek dobija -ing. Isto važi za interested in, good at i afraid of.

Kako da izrazim svrhu, srpsko „da bih“?

Sa to + infinitiv: I went to the shop to buy milk. For se koristi samo uz imenicu: I went to the shop for some milk.