Nivoi engleskog jezika · nivo B1
Veznici i povezivanje u engleskom (B1) — objašnjenje i vežbe
Linking words, odnosno veznici i izrazi za povezivanje, pokazuju kakav je odnos između dve misli: razlog (because), posledica (so, as a result), suprotnost (although, however, but), dodavanje (in addition, also) ili uslov (unless). Na nivou B1 nije dovoljno znati šta reč znači — važno je i gde stoji u rečenici i šta posle nje sledi.
Na ovoj strani su pravila koja najčešće prave razliku između tačnog i netačnog odgovora: because ili because of, while ili during, however ili although i zašto posle unless ne ide još jedno not. Posle objašnjenja znanje odmah proveravaš u kvizu.
Vežbaj veznike →Razlog, posledica i suprotnost
Because uvodi razlog, a so posledicu, pa iste dve misli možeš da povežeš na dva načina: I stayed at home because I was ill i I was ill, so I stayed at home. Ako zameniš veznik, a ne promeniš redosled misli, menjaš smisao rečenice. Although (iako) povezuje neočekivanu suprotnost: Although it was raining, we went for a walk. But izražava suprotnost unutar iste rečenice, posle zareza. As a result takođe uvodi posledicu, ali obično stoji na početku nove rečenice: There was an accident on the motorway. As a result, we arrived two hours late. Pre izbora veznika zapitaj se da li druga misao objašnjava prvu, sledi iz nje ili joj protivreči.
Šta sledi posle veznika: rečenica ili imenica
Neki veznici traže celu rečenicu sa subjektom i glagolom, a njihovi parovi samo imenicu. Because + rečenica (because it was raining heavily), because of + imenica (because of the heavy rain). While + rečenica (while I was waiting for the bus), during + imenica (during the film). Slično je i sa ciljem: to + glagol (I went to the pharmacy to buy some medicine), for samo uz imenicu (for some medicine), a so that uvodi celu rečenicu (so that I can buy a new bike). Posle veznika za vreme — when, as soon as, before, after, until — budućnost se izražava sadašnjim vremenom: I'll call you as soon as I get home, a ne as soon as I will get home.
However, although, also: mesto u rečenici
However i in addition najčešće stoje na početku nove rečenice, sa zarezom: I'd like to go to the concert. However, I don't have enough money. Although ne može da stoji sam ispred zareza — iza njega mora da sledi zavisna rečenica: Although she was ill, she went to work ili She went to work although she was ill. Too i as well stoje na kraju potvrdne rečenice, also ispred glavnog glagola ili posle be (He is also good at tennis), a u odričnoj rečenici „takođe“ se kaže either: My sister doesn't either. Za nabrajanje u eseju koriste se Firstly, Secondly i Finally; at last znači „napokon, posle dugog čekanja“ i ne služi za poslednju stavku.
Unless i druge tipične zamke
Unless znači if … not: Unless it rains, we'll have lunch in the garden znači isto što i If it doesn't rain, we'll have lunch in the garden. Pošto unless već sadrži odricanje, posle njega ne ide još jedno not: I won't go unless you come with me, a ne unless you don't come. Kao i posle if, za budućnost stoji Present Simple. Druga česta zamka dolazi iz srpskog „iako …, ali …“ i „zato što …, pa …“. U engleskom se koristi samo jedan veznik, pa je pravilno Although it was late, we continued working, bez but, i Because I was tired, I went to bed early, bez so. Pazi i na so that: on izražava cilj (da bi), a ne posledicu.
Primeri
I stayed at home because I was ill.
Ostao sam kod kuće zato što sam bio bolestan.
Although it was raining, we went for a walk.
Iako je padala kiša, otišli smo u šetnju.
The match was cancelled because of the heavy rain.
Utakmica je otkazana zbog jake kiše.
You won't pass the exam unless you study harder.
Nećeš položiti ispit ako ne budeš više učio.
The hotel was expensive. In addition, the rooms were small and dirty.
Hotel je bio skup. Uz to, sobe su bile male i prljave.
I fell asleep during the film.
Zaspao sam tokom filma.
Najčešće greške
- • Although it was late, but we continued working → Although it was late, we continued working.
- • Because the traffic, we were late → Because of the traffic, we were late.
- • I won't go unless you don't come with me → I won't go unless you come with me.
- • I fell asleep while the film → I fell asleep during the film.
- • I went to the pharmacy for buy some medicine → I went to the pharmacy to buy some medicine.
Zašto vežbati veznike na Spremku
Svako pravilo je objašnjeno na srpskom i upoređeno sa srpskim „iako …, ali“ i „zato što …, pa“, odakle dolazi većina grešaka. Zadaci su kalibrisani za nivo B1: biraš veznik u kontekstu, spajaš dve rečenice, prepoznaješ grešku i dopunjavaš rečenicu jednom rečju. Posle svakog odgovora vidiš kratko objašnjenje, a vežbanje je besplatno i bez registracije.
Česta pitanja
Koja je razlika između because i because of?
Because uvodi rečenicu sa subjektom i glagolom (because it was raining), a because of samo imenicu ili imeničku frazu (because of the rain).
Da li posle although može da ide but?
Ne. U engleskom se koristi samo jedan veznik: Although it was late, we continued working ili It was late, but we continued working. Spoj although … but je doslovan prevod srpskog „iako …, ali …“.
Šta znači unless?
Unless znači if … not (osim ako ne): Unless it rains znači If it doesn't rain. Zato posle unless ne stavljaš još jedno not.