Nivoi engleskog jezika · nivo B1
Modali zaključivanja: must, might, can't (B1) — objašnjenje i vežbe
Modalne glagole must, might, may, could i can't ne koristimo samo za obavezu i dozvolu, nego i kada iznosimo koliko smo sigurni da je nešto tačno. Na osnovu dokaza zaključujemo: You've been travelling all day. You must be tired. That can't be Nikola's car — he sold it last month. Na srpskom tu kažemo „mora da si umoran“, „možda je“ ili „nije moguće da je“.
Na nivou B1 ova tema obuhvata zaključivanje o sadašnjosti: o stanju (must be tired) i o radnji koja je upravo u toku (must be singing). Ovde prolaziš skalu sigurnosti i najčešće zamke, a zatim ih vežbaš u kvizu sa objašnjenjem na srpskom za svaki odgovor.
Vežbaj modale zaključivanja →Skala sigurnosti: must, might/may/could, can't
Must znači da smo skoro sigurni da nešto jeste tačno: She goes to the gym every Monday, and today is Monday. She must be at the gym. Might, may i could izražavaju samo mogućnost, srpsko „možda“: I don't know where Lea is. She might be in the garden. It may rain later. Could this be the right address? Can't znači da smo skoro sigurni da nešto nije tačno: The baby can't be hungry — she's just been fed. Izbor zavisi od dokaza: jak dokaz vodi do must ili can't, a nejasna situacija do might, may ili could. Izrazu I'm sure odgovara must, izrazu I'm sure it isn't odgovara can't, a izrazima perhaps i maybe odgovara might.
Oblik: modal + osnovni glagol, modal + be + -ing
Posle modalnog glagola uvek ide osnovni glagol bez to: She might be at the library, a ne might to be ili might is. Modali nemaju nastavak -s ni u trećem licu: He may be at the gym. Za zaključak o stanju koristimo modal + be + pridev, imenicu ili mesto: You must be starving! Za radnju koja se dešava upravo sada koristimo modal + be + glagol-ing: Listen! The neighbours must be having a party. He can't be working today — it's Sunday. Bez be + -ing, rečenica The neighbours must have a party zvučala bi kao obaveza. Odrični oblik mogućnosti je might not: She might not be hungry.
Can't, a ne mustn't — i zašto ne can be
Za „sigurno nije“ engleski koristi can't, a ne mustn't: That can't be true. Mustn't izražava zabranu (You mustn't park here), pa je to česta zamka pri prevodu sa srpskog. Razlikuj i can't od might not: She can't be at home znači da smo sigurni da nije kod kuće, a She might not be at home samo „možda nije“. Potvrdni can ne koristimo za pretpostavku o konkretnoj sadašnjoj situaciji: uz dokaz His car is outside kažemo He must be at the office, a ne He can be at the office. Za mogućnost biramo could ili might. Za nemogućnost je moguće i couldn't: That couldn't be Nikola's car.
Isti modal, dva značenja: zaključak ili pravilo
Must, may i can't imaju i drugo značenje, pa uvek čitaj kontekst. You must be tired after the trip je zaključak, a You must wear a helmet je obaveza. He may not come — he's ill znači „možda neće doći“, dok You may not use your phone during the exam izražava zabranu. That can't be true je zaključak, a You can't park here zabrana. U razgovoru su česte reakcije You must be joking! i You can't be serious!, kojima iskazujemo neverovanje, kao i You must be so excited! kada neko podeli dobru vest. Rečenica I may be wrong, but… je učtiv način da izraziš nesigurnost.
Primeri
You must be tired after the trip.
Mora da si umoran posle puta.
That can't be Nikola's car — he sold it last month.
To sigurno nije Nikolin auto — prodao ga je prošlog meseca.
I don't know where Lea is. She might be in the garden.
Ne znam gde je Lea. Možda je u bašti.
Listen! Someone must be singing in the bathroom.
Slušaj! Neko sigurno peva u kupatilu.
I may be wrong, but I think the shop closes at eight.
Možda grešim, ali mislim da prodavnica zatvara u osam.
She might not be hungry.
Možda nije gladna.
Najčešće greške
- • She must to be at work → She must be at work.
- • He mustn't be at home — his car isn't here → He can't be at home — his car isn't here.
- • He can be at the office now — his car is outside → He must be at the office now — his car is outside.
- • Listen! The neighbours must have a party → Listen! The neighbours must be having a party.
- • She musts be Dan's sister → She must be Dan's sister.
Zašto vežbati modale zaključivanja na Spremku
Zadaci traže da iz konkretnog dokaza izabereš pravi stepen sigurnosti, kao u stvarnom razgovoru, i ciljaju zamke poput mustn't umesto can't i can umesto could. Svaki odgovor ima objašnjenje na srpskom, nivo je B1, a vežbe su besplatne i ne traže registraciju.
Česta pitanja
Kako se na engleskom kaže „sigurno nije“?
Sa can't (ili couldn't): That can't be true. Mustn't ne znači „sigurno nije“, nego izražava zabranu: You mustn't park here.
Koja je razlika između might, may i could?
U zaključivanju o sadašnjosti sva tri izražavaju mogućnost, srpsko „možda“: She might/may/could be at home. Za veću sigurnost koristi must ili can't.
Kako izraziti zaključak o radnji koja upravo traje?
Sa modal + be + glagol-ing: Someone must be singing, He can't be working today, Ivan might be sleeping now.