Nivoi engleskog jezika · nivo B2
Modalni glagoli u prošlosti (B2) — objašnjenje i vežbe
Kombinacija modal + have + V3 omogućava da o prošlosti govorimo sa različitim stepenom sigurnosti ili sa stavom: The streets are wet, it must have rained (mora da je padala kiša), You should have told me (trebalo je da mi kažeš), We needn't have hurried (nije bilo potrebe da žurimo). Srpski ove nijanse izražava rečima kao što su „sigurno“, „možda“ i „trebalo je“, a engleski izborom modalnog glagola.
Na nivou B2 važno je razlikovati tri grupe: zaključke o prošlosti (must, can't, might, may, could have), kritiku i žaljenje (should, ought to have) i potrebu (needn't have nasuprot didn't need to). Ovde je svaka grupa objašnjena na srpskom, a u kvizu biraš oblik prema kontekstu.
Vežbaj modale u prošlosti →Zaključci o prošlosti: must have, can't have, might have
Must have + V3 je siguran zaključak na osnovu dokaza: Luka got 100% on the test, he must have worked really hard. Can't have ili couldn't have + V3 je siguran negativan zaključak: Ana can't have seen me at the party — she was in Paris that weekend. Kada nismo sigurni, koristimo might, may ili could have + V3: I'm not sure, but I might have left my keys at the office. Za radnju u toku ide have been + -ing: She must have been listening to music with headphones, a za pasiv have been + V3: The email may have been sent to the wrong person.
Kritika i žaljenje: should have, ought to have, could have
Should have + V3 govori o nečemu što se nije desilo, a trebalo je: I should have studied more, You should have come with us! Odrični oblik kritikuje ono što se desilo: You shouldn't have shouted at him, I shouldn't have said that. Ought to have ima isto značenje: He ought to have apologised. Could have + V3 može izraziti prekor (You could have warned me about the traffic!) ili propuštenu mogućnost (We could have gone to the beach, but we decided to stay at home). Would have + V3 uz but izražava nameru koju je nešto sprečilo: I would have called you, but my phone battery was dead.
Needn't have ili didn't need to
Needn't have + V3 znači da je radnja urađena, ali nije bila potrebna: We needn't have booked a table — the restaurant was almost empty. You needn't have worried — everything went perfectly. Didn't need to + glagol obično znači da radnja nije bila potrebna i da nije ni urađena: I didn't need to take a taxi because Marko gave me a lift. Slično značenje ima didn't have to: I didn't have to go to work yesterday because it was a public holiday. Kontekst je presudan, pa proveri šta se zaista desilo: ako je osoba ipak nešto uradila uzalud, ide needn't have.
Oblik i česte zamke
Oblik je uvek modal + have + V3, bez obzira na lice: She must have forgotten our meeting, nikad must has ili must had. Posle have ide treći oblik: should have come, a ne should have came; can't have gone, a ne can't have went. Posle modala nema to: must have forgotten. Druga zamka je značenje: must have je zaključak, a ne obaveza u prošlosti, a should have je kritika, a ne zaključak. Treća zamka su oblici bez have: mustn't book i needn't shout odnose se na sadašnjost ili budućnost, pa ne mogu da opišu nešto što se već desilo.
Primeri
It must have rained last night.
Mora da je sinoć padala kiša.
She can't have left already — her coat is still here.
Sigurno nije otišla, kaput joj je još ovde.
He may have gone to the gym.
Možda je otišao u teretanu.
You shouldn't have parked here.
Nije trebalo da parkiraš ovde.
We needn't have hurried — the film started twenty minutes late.
Nije bilo potrebe da žurimo, film je počeo dvadeset minuta kasnije.
That must have been a difficult decision for you.
Sigurno ti je bila teška odluka.
Najčešće greške
- • Pogrešan oblik posle have: You should have came earlier → You should have come earlier.
- • Has ili had posle modala: She must has forgotten our meeting → She must have forgotten our meeting.
- • Should have umesto must have za zaključak: He got 100%, he should have worked hard → He got 100%, he must have worked hard.
- • Needn't have za radnju koja nije urađena: I needn't have taken a taxi because Marko gave me a lift → I didn't need to take a taxi because Marko gave me a lift.
- • Sadašnji oblik za prošlost: Sara should leave home earlier yesterday → Sara should have left home earlier.
Zašto vežbati modale u prošlosti na Spremku
Ovde se ne pamte samo oblici, već značenje u kontekstu: dokaz u rečenici (mokre ulice, kaput koji je još tu, „I'm not sure“) vodi do pravog modala. Objašnjenja na srpskom za svaku opciju kažu da li je reč o zaključku, kritici ili nepotrebnoj radnji. Pitanja su prilagođena nivou B2, besplatna i bez registracije.
Česta pitanja
Koja je razlika između must have i should have?
Must have je zaključak da se nešto sigurno desilo: He must have heard the bad news. Should have je kritika ili žaljenje zbog nečega što se nije desilo, a trebalo je: You should have told me.
Šta znači could have?
Ima dva značenja. Propuštena mogućnost ili prekor: We could have gone by train, You could have warned me! Ili pretpostavka da se nešto možda desilo: She could have missed the bus. Koje značenje je u pitanju, odlučuje kontekst.
Da li je needn't have isto što i didn't need to?
Nije. Needn't have + V3 znači da je radnja urađena uzalud: You needn't have cooked so much. Didn't need to obično znači da radnja nije bila potrebna i da nije ni urađena: I didn't need to wake up early.