Nivoi engleskog jezika · nivo B2
Relativne i participske rečenice u engleskom (B2) — objašnjenje i vežbe
Relativne rečenice dodaju informaciju o imenici: The man who you saw at the reception is our new manager. Na nivou B2 nije dovoljno znati da who ide za osobe, a which za stvari. Treba razlikovati odredbene i ne-odredbene klauzule, znati kada se zamenica izostavlja, kada ide whose ili whom i kako which može da se odnosi na celu prethodnu rečenicu.
Participske rečenice taj sadržaj skraćuju: the students who are studying in the library postaje the students studying in the library, a Because we saw that the shop was closed postaje Seeing that the shop was closed. Ovde su pravila objašnjena na srpskom, sa najčešćim greškama, a zatim ih proveravaš u kvizu.
Vežbaj relativne i participske rečenice →Relativne zamenice: who, which, whose, whom, where
Who je za osobe, which za stvari, a that može da zameni oba u odredbenoj klauzuli. Whose izražava pripadanje i za osobe i za stvari: a woman whose son plays in the orchestra, a hotel whose windows face the sea. Whom je oblik objekta i stoji posle predloga: the professor to whom I sent my essay; u svakodnevnom govoru češće je the colleague who I told you about. Where i when idu uz mesto i vreme kada na kraju nema predloga: the café where we first met, the year when we moved. Ako predlog stoji na kraju, ide which: the hotel which we stayed in. Posle the reason ide why, a what nikad ne stoji posle imenice.
Odredbene i ne-odredbene klauzule
Odredbena klauzula (bez zareza) izdvaja na koga ili šta mislimo: the bus that goes to the airport. Ne-odredbena (sa zarezima) daje dodatnu informaciju o nečemu što je već poznato: My father, who is a pilot, travels a lot. U njoj se nikad ne koristi that. Zarezi menjaju značenje: My brother who lives in Oslo is a nurse sugeriše da govornik ima više braće, a My brother, who lives in Oslo, is a nurse da ima jednog. Zamenica se može izostaviti samo kada je objekat: The film we watched last night was boring. Kada je subjekat, kao u Do you know anyone who speaks Japanese?, mora da ostane.
Which za celu rečenicu i kvantifikatori
Which posle zareza može da komentariše celu prethodnu rečenicu: Ana passed all her exams, which made her parents very proud. That, what i it nemaju ovu funkciju. Slično radi at which point: The flight was delayed by six hours, at which point we decided to book a hotel. Posle kvantifikatora i of ide whom za osobe i which za stvari: She has three brothers, all of whom are engineers; I bought two dresses, neither of which fits me now. All of them bi spojilo dve rečenice samo zarezom, što je greška. Posle everything, anything i nothing ide that ili se zamenica izostavlja: Everything that he said turned out to be true.
Participske skraćenice
Aktivno značenje izražava -ing: the woman talking to the manager (= who is talking). Pasivno značenje izražava V3: the photos taken by the winner, Anyone caught cheating will be disqualified. Posle the first, the last i the only ide to-infinitiv: She was the first woman in her family to get a university degree. Na početku rečenice participska klauzula izražava vreme ili razlog: Not knowing what to say, I just smiled. Having + V3 pokazuje prethodnu radnju, a having been + V3 prethodnu radnju u pasivu: Having been bitten by two dogs as a child, Ivan is still afraid of them. Subjekat participa mora biti isti kao u glavnoj rečenici: Walking along the beach, we found a beautiful shell.
Primeri
I've just met a woman whose son plays in the national orchestra.
Upravo sam upoznao ženu čiji sin svira u nacionalnom orkestru.
Belgrade, which is the capital of Serbia, lies on two rivers.
Beograd, koji je glavni grad Srbije, leži na dve reke.
He failed his driving test again, which really upset him.
Ponovo je pao na vozačkom ispitu, što ga je baš potreslo.
I have two cousins, both of whom live abroad.
Imam dvoje rođaka i oboje žive u inostranstvu.
Built in 1890, the bridge is the oldest in the city.
Izgrađen 1890. godine, most je najstariji u gradu.
Having finished the report, Sara went for a coffee.
Pošto je završila izveštaj, Sara je otišla na kafu.
Najčešće greške
- • That posle zareza: My father, that is a pilot, travels a lot → My father, who is a pilot, travels a lot.
- • What posle imenice: Everything what he said was true → Everything that he said was true.
- • Who's umesto whose: the woman who's son plays in the orchestra → the woman whose son plays in the orchestra.
- • Ponovljen objekat: The film we watched it last night was boring → The film we watched last night was boring.
- • Where uz predlog na kraju: the hotel where we stayed in → the hotel which we stayed in / the hotel where we stayed.
Zašto vežbati relativne i participske rečenice na Spremku
Srpski za skoro sve koristi „koji“ i „što“, pa izbor između who, which, whose, whom i that traži vežbu, kao i zarezi koji menjaju značenje. Objašnjenja na srpskom za svaku opciju kažu zašto ne odgovara, a zadaci na nivou B2 uključuju i participske skraćenice i pitanja o značenju rečenice. Sve je besplatno i bez registracije.
Česta pitanja
Kada mogu da izostavim who, which ili that?
Samo u odredbenoj klauzuli i samo kada je zamenica objekat: The cake (that) you made was delicious. Kada je subjekat, kao u the woman who lives next door, zamenica mora da ostane, a u ne-odredbenoj klauzuli se nikad ne izostavlja.
Zašto se that ne koristi posle zareza?
Zato što that uvodi samo odredbene klauzule, koje izdvajaju na šta mislimo. Klauzula između zareza je dodatna informacija, pa u njoj idu who, which, whose, where ili when: Rome, which…, My mother, who…
Koja je razlika između Seeing i Having seen na početku rečenice?
Oblik na -ing izražava istovremenu radnju ili razlog: Seeing that the shop was closed, we went home. Having + V3 naglašava da se radnja završila pre glavne: Having spent all his money the week before, Petar couldn't afford a taxi home.