Nivoi engleskog jezika · nivo B2
Napredni veznici u engleskom (B2) — objašnjenje i vežbe
Veznici i izrazi za povezivanje (linking words) pokazuju logički odnos između delova teksta: suprotnost (although, despite, however, whereas), uslov (unless, provided that, as long as, in case), cilj (so that, in order to), uzrok i posledicu (owing to, due to, as a result, consequently) i dodavanje (moreover, in addition). Na nivou B2 nije dovoljno znati šta znače — treba znati i šta sme da stoji posle njih.
Upravo tu nastaje najviše grešaka: despite i although znače skoro isto, ali despite traži imenicu ili -ing oblik, a although celu rečenicu. However i nevertheless povezuju dve odvojene rečenice, dok although i whereas ne mogu da stoje sami ispred zareza. Na ovoj strani su ta pravila složena po grupama, sa zamkama tipičnim za govornike srpskog.
Vežbaj napredne veznike →Despite i in spite of naspram although i even though
Despite i in spite of su predlozi: posle njih ide imenica ili glagol na -ing (despite the heavy rain, in spite of feeling nervous, despite being the youngest). Although, even though, though i while su veznici i uvode celu rečenicu sa subjektom i glagolom (although she was exhausted). Ako posle despite želiš celu rečenicu, koristi despite the fact that ili in spite of the fact that. Despite of ne postoji, a in spite bez of nije potpun izraz. Even though naglašava iznenađujuću suprotnost, a though može da stoji i u sredini rečenice (I'll come, though I may be late). Pazi na srpsko „iako…, ali…“: posle rečenice sa although glavna rečenica ne počinje sa but.
However, nevertheless i drugi rečenični prilozi
However, nevertheless, nonetheless, even so i despite this povezuju dve odvojene rečenice: najčešće stoje na početku druge rečenice, uz zarez (The flat is small. Nevertheless, we rented it). Isto se ponašaju izrazi posledice i dodavanja: as a result, consequently, therefore, moreover, in addition. Nevertheless, furthermore i consequently tipični su za formalno pisanje, a but, so i also za govor. On the other hand uvodi drugu stranu iste situacije (težak posao, ali dobra plata), a on the contrary poriče ono što je upravo rečeno: „Was the exam easy?“ „On the contrary, it was the hardest one I've ever taken.“ Whereas, while i by contrast porede dve različite osobe ili stvari: He loves spicy food, whereas I can't stand it.
Uslov: unless, provided that, as long as, in case, even if
Provided (that), providing, as long as i on condition that znače „pod uslovom da“: You can borrow my car as long as you bring it back by Sunday. Unless znači „osim ako“, odnosno if … not: You won't get a seat unless you book in advance. In case izražava predostrožnost — nešto radimo unapred, za slučaj da se nešto desi: Take an umbrella in case it rains. In case of + imenica je formalni izraz sa obaveštenja (In case of fire, use the stairs). Even if uvodi moguću ili zamišljenu situaciju, a even though stvarnu činjenicu: Even if it rained all day tomorrow, the race would still go ahead, ali Even though we had left early, we got stuck in traffic.
Cilj, uzrok i još nekoliko obrazaca
Cilj izražavaju in order to i so as to + infinitiv (The company cut prices in order to attract new customers), a negativni cilj in order not to i so as not to. Kada sledi novi subjekat, koristi so that + rečenica, obično sa can ili could: He spoke slowly so that everyone could understand him. Uzrok se izražava sa because + rečenica, ali sa because of, due to i owing to + imenica: The flight was cancelled owing to the strike. Otherwise znači „inače“, regardless of „bez obzira na“, unlike „za razliku od“, a uz neither uvek ide nor. Posle Not only na početku rečenice sledi inverzija: Not only was he late, but he also forgot the documents.
Primeri
Despite the heavy rain, the match went ahead as planned.
Uprkos jakoj kiši, utakmica je održana kako je planirano.
Although she was exhausted, she finished the report before midnight.
Iako je bila iscrpljena, završila je izveštaj pre ponoći.
You can borrow my car as long as you bring it back by Sunday evening.
Možeš da pozajmiš moj auto pod uslovom da ga vratiš do nedelje uveče.
Take an umbrella in case it rains later.
Ponesi kišobran za slučaj da kasnije počne kiša.
My brother loves spicy food, whereas I can't stand it.
Moj brat voli ljutu hranu, a ja je ne podnosim.
He spoke slowly so that everyone could understand him.
Govorio je polako da bi ga svi razumeli.
Najčešće greške
- • Despite it was late, the shops were still open → Although it was late, the shops were still open.
- • Despite of the rain, we went out → Despite the rain (ili In spite of the rain), we went out.
- • Although the tickets were expensive, but we decided to go → Although the tickets were expensive, we decided to go.
- • I didn't go because of I had to work early → I didn't go because I had to work early.
- • She left early for not to miss the bus → She left early so as not to miss the bus.
Zašto vežbati veznike na Spremku
Na nivou B2 veznici se proveravaju istovremeno kroz gramatiku i kroz značenje, pa svaki zadatak na Spremku ima objašnjenje na srpskom za oba: šta sme da stoji posle veznika i zašto ostale opcije menjaju smisao rečenice. Zadaci obuhvataju izbor veznika, razvrstavanje po značenju (suprotnost, uslov, posledica), formalni i neformalni registar i dopunjavanje jednom rečju. Vežbanje je besplatno i ne traži registraciju.
Česta pitanja
Koja je razlika između despite i although?
Značenje je skoro isto (uprkos, iako), ali despite je predlog i ide uz imenicu ili -ing oblik (despite the rain, despite being tired), a although je veznik i uvodi celu rečenicu (although it was raining).
Da li se kaže despite of?
Ne. Kaže se despite ili in spite of — of ide samo uz in spite. Despite of je jedna od najčešćih grešaka.
Koja je razlika između unless i in case?
Unless znači „osim ako“: You won't get a seat unless you book in advance. In case znači „za slučaj da“ i opisuje pripremu unapred: Take an umbrella in case it rains.