Nivoi engleskog jezika · nivo B2
Napredni pasiv i kauzativ u engleskom (B2) — objašnjenje i vežbe
Na nivou B2 pasiv više nije samo is made ili was built. Pojavljuje se kauzativ (have ili get something done), kojim kažemo da je neko drugi nešto uradio za nas, i izveštajni pasiv sa glagolima say, believe, think, report, expect i know, koji se stalno javlja u vestima i formalnim tekstovima: It is said that…, The thief is believed to have left the country.
Uz to dolaze pasiv u složenim vremenima (is being repaired, will have been completed), pasiv uz modalne glagole i pasivni infinitiv i gerund (to be informed, being told). Ovde je sve to objašnjeno na srpskom, sa primerima, a zatim odmah vežbaš u kvizu.
Vežbaj pasiv i kauzativ →Kauzativ: have/get something done
Obrazac je have ili get + objekat + V3: I had my hair cut yesterday (frizer me je ošišao), Where do you get your car repaired? Vreme menja samo have, a treći oblik ostaje isti: We're having our kitchen painted next month, She hasn't had her passport renewed since 2015. Isti obrazac opisuje i neprijatno iskustvo, nešto što nam se desilo: Ivana had her phone stolen on the train, We had our house broken into last night. Pazi na red reči: I had my car washed (neko ga je oprao) nije isto što i I had washed my car (sam sam ga oprao, past perfect).
Kauzativ sa osobom: have, get, make
Kada pomenemo osobu koja posao obavlja, menja se oblik glagola. Uz have i make ide osnovni glagol bez to: We had a professional photographer take our wedding photos, The teacher had the students learn the poem by heart. Uz get ide to + infinitiv: I'll get my brother to help me with the move, Ana got a plumber to fix the tap. Uporedi had the photos taken (bez osobe, V3) i had a photographer take the photos (sa osobom, osnovni glagol). Najčešće greške su I'll have Luka to call you back i I'll get Luka call you back.
Izveštajni pasiv: It is said that… i He is said to…
Postoje dva obrasca. Bezlični: It + is said/thought/expected + that + rečenica: It is expected that the new bridge will open in May. Lični: subjekat + is said/believed/reported + to-infinitiv: The singer is said to speak three languages fluently. Oblik infinitiva zavisi od vremena radnje: to + glagol za sadašnje stanje ili budućnost (He is known to be generous), to be + -ing za radnju u toku (The company is reported to be hiring), to have + V3 za prošlu radnju (The thief is believed to have left the country last night), to have been + V3 za prošlu radnju u pasivu (The house is said to have been built in 1850). Obrasci se ne mešaju: He is said that… nije moguće.
Pasiv u složenim vremenima i posle glagola
Pasiv uvek sadrži be + V3, a be preuzima vreme: is being repaired (u toku), has been stolen (do sada), had been eaten (pre druge prošle radnje), will be announced, will have been completed (do roka u budućnosti). Uz modalne glagole: This report must be finished by Friday. Posle glagola koji traže infinitiv ide to be + V3: expect to be informed, The problem needs to be solved, The guests are waiting to be served. Posle glagola koji traže -ing ide being + V3: I hate being told what to do, Nobody likes being laughed at. Glagoli bez objekta, kao arrive ili come into force, nemaju pasiv.
Primeri
We're having our new sofa delivered tomorrow.
Sutra nam donose novi kauč.
Marko had his wallet stolen at the station.
Marku su ukrali novčanik na stanici.
I'll get my brother to help me with the move.
Nagovoriću brata da mi pomogne oko selidbe.
It is thought that the fire started in the kitchen.
Smatra se da je požar izbio u kuhinji.
The ship is believed to have sunk in a storm.
Veruje se da je brod potonuo u oluji.
The road is being repaired at the moment.
Put se trenutno popravlja.
Najčešće greške
- • Osnovni glagol umesto V3: I need to have my eyes test → I need to have my eyes tested.
- • Pogrešan red reči: I'm going to have dyed my hair → I'm going to have my hair dyed.
- • To uz have i make: I'll have Luka to call you back → I'll have Luka call you back.
- • Mešanje dva obrasca: He is said that he is very rich → He is said to be very rich / It is said that he is very rich.
- • Običan infinitiv za prošlu radnju: The thief is believed to leave the country last night → The thief is believed to have left the country last night.
Zašto vežbati pasiv i kauzativ na Spremku
Objašnjenja su na srpskom i za svaku netačnu opciju kažu šta bi ona značila, na primer da I had washed my car znači da si auto oprao sam. Zadaci su prilagođeni nivou B2: kauzativ u različitim vremenima, lični i bezlični izveštajni pasiv, pasivni infinitiv i gerund, kao i pitanja sa više tačnih odgovora. Sve je besplatno i bez registracije.
Česta pitanja
Da li je have something done isto što i get something done?
Značenje je praktično isto: neko drugi obavlja posao za nas, a get je malo neformalnije. Razlika se vidi tek kada pomenemo osobu: have someone do something, ali get someone to do something.
Kada posle is said ili is believed ide to have + V3?
Kada je mišljenje sada, a radnja o kojoj se govori u prošlosti: The thief is believed to have left the country last night. Za sadašnje stanje ide to + glagol: He is known to be a very generous person.
Može li have something done da opiše nešto loše?
Može. Isti obrazac opisuje i neprijatno iskustvo koje nismo naručili: Ivana had her phone stolen, He had his flight cancelled at the last minute. Iz konteksta se vidi da li je reč o usluzi ili o nečemu što nam se desilo.