Nivoi engleskog jezika · nivo C1

Formalne strukture i konjunktiv u engleskom (C1) — objašnjenje i vežbe

Formalni engleski — u pravilnicima, službenim obaveštenjima, vestima i akademskim tekstovima — ima nekoliko struktura koje se u razgovoru retko čuju: konjunktiv posle glagola zahteva (The board recommended that the policy be introduced gradually), veznik lest, konstrukciju be to (All visitors are to sign in), naglašene posledice sa so i such i lični pasiv tipa He is believed to have left the country.

Na nivou C1 te strukture treba da prepoznaš u tekstu i da ih upotrebiš u formalnom pisanju. Na ovoj strani su objašnjena njihova pravila i značenja, sa primerima i tipičnim greškama, a zatim sve proveravaš u kvizu.

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Konjunktiv posle that i veznik lest

Posle glagola zahteva i preporuke (recommend, insist, demand, propose, suggest, advise) i prideva nužnosti (essential, vital, imperative, important) + that, formalni engleski koristi konjunktiv: osnovni oblik glagola bez -s, i u trećem licu. It is essential that every candidate bring ID, The committee proposed that the meeting be postponed. Odrični oblik je not + osnovni oblik, bez do: that the patient not lift anything heavy. U britanskom engleskom je ispravno i should + glagol: that the deadline should be extended. Pazi na značenje: kada insist znači „uporno tvrditi“, ide običan indikativ (Tom insisted that he had paid). Konjunktiv traži i lest (da ne bi): She spoke quietly lest she wake the baby. Ostaci starog konjunktiva su i izrazi be that as it may, suffice it to say, far be it from me i come what may.

Be to + infinitiv

Konstrukcija be to + infinitiv ima četiri glavna značenja. Prvo je uputstvo ili naredba u formalnom tonu: All visitors are to sign in at reception, You are not to tell anyone. Drugo je zvanično dogovoren plan, posebno u vestima: The mayor is to open the new hospital wing next Tuesday. Treće je uslov u smislu cilja: If we are to meet the deadline, we will need extra staff (ako hoćemo da stignemo). Četvrto je budućnost iz perspektive prošlosti, često kao sudbina: She was never to return. Oblik was to have + particip opisuje plan koji se nije ostvario: The bridge was to have been completed in 2020. Posle be to uvek ide infinitiv, nikad -ing.

So i such za naglašenu posledicu

So stoji uz pridev ili prilog bez imenice: The instructions were so complicated that nobody could follow them, He spoke so quickly that I missed half of it. Such a ide uz pridev i brojivu imenicu u jednini (such a boring film), a such bez člana uz nebrojive imenice i množinu (such awful weather). Uz količinu se kaže so much noise i so many people. Formalne varijante su so + pridev + a + imenica (so difficult a decision) i inverzija na početku rečenice: So great was the demand that the shop sold out, Such was the force of the storm that trees were uprooted. Posledica se može izraziti i infinitivom: so small as to be almost invisible, The damage was such as to make the house uninhabitable.

Formalni pasiv: it is said that i is said to

Za glasine, mišljenja i izveštaje postoje dve pasivne konstrukcije. Bezlična: It is thought that the painting is a fake, It has been announced that the conference will be moved online. Lična, sa to-infinitivom: The company is said to be planning job cuts. Infinitiv pokazuje vreme radnje: to be za sadašnjost, to be + -ing za radnju u toku (is reported to be staying), a to have + particip za prošlost (The suspect is believed to have left the country). Uz there: There are thought to be over a hundred species. Česta greška je mešanje ova dva obrasca: The castle is said that it is haunted nije ispravno — ide It is said that the castle is haunted ili The castle is said to be haunted.

Primeri

It is essential that every candidate bring a valid form of identification.

Neophodno je da svaki kandidat ponese važeći lični dokument.

She spoke quietly lest she wake the baby.

Govorila je tiho da ne bi probudila bebu.

All visitors are to sign in at reception on arrival.

Svi posetioci treba da se prijave na recepciji po dolasku.

When she left her village in 1950, she was never to return.

Kad je 1950. napustila svoje selo, više se nikada nije vratila.

So great was the demand that the shop sold out in an hour.

Potražnja je bila toliko velika da je radnja sve rasprodala za sat vremena.

The suspect is believed to have left the country last week.

Veruje se da je osumnjičeni napustio zemlju prošle nedelje.

Najčešće greške

Zašto vežbati formalne strukture na Spremku

Ove strukture se uče najbolje kroz kontrast: zahtev ili tvrdnja posle insist, plan ili naredba kod be to, so ili such pred imenicom. Na Spremku su objašnjenja na srpskom, kalibrisana za C1, a posle svakog odgovora vidiš zašto je baš taj oblik tačan. Vežbanje je besplatno i ne traži registraciju.

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Česta pitanja

Šta je konjunktiv u engleskom?

To je osnovni oblik glagola koji se koristi posle izraza zahteva i nužnosti, bez -s i u trećem licu: I insist that he be present, It is important that she arrive on time. Karakterističan je za formalni stil; u britanskom engleskom se umesto njega često koristi should + glagol.

Šta znači be to u rečenici You are to report at nine?

Tu be to izražava uputstvo ili naredbu, slično kao must, ali formalnije i bezličnije. U vestima ista konstrukcija najavljuje zvaničan plan (The leaders are to meet in Geneva), a u prošlosti može značiti sudbinu (He was never to see her again).

Kada se kaže so, a kada such?

So ide uz pridev ili prilog bez imenice (so tired, so quickly), a such uz imeničku frazu: such a long queue, such heavy rain, such useful advice. Uz količinu se koristi so much (nebrojivo) i so many (množina).