Nivoi engleskog jezika · nivo C1
Hipotetičke strukture u engleskom (C1) — objašnjenje i vežbe
Na nivou B1 i B2 hipotetičke situacije se uglavnom izražavaju sa if: If I had known, I would have come. Na nivou C1 dolaze formalnije i suptilnije varijante: inverzni kondicionali (Had I known…, Should you need…, Were it not for…), izraz but for, it's high time we left, I'd rather you didn't, as if he owned the place i supposing you won the lottery.
Zajedničko im je da prošlo vreme često nema prošlo značenje: ono pokazuje da je situacija nestvarna, zamišljena ili poželjna, a ne da se desila. Na ovoj strani vidiš koji oblik ide posle koje strukture, kako se razlikuje stvarno od nestvarnog i koje greške se najčešće prave, a onda to proveravaš u kvizu.
Vežbaj hipotetičke strukture →Inverzni kondicionali: had, should, were
U formalnom engleskom if se može izostaviti, a pomoćni glagol prelazi ispred subjekta. To je moguće samo sa tri glagola. Had + particip zamenjuje treći kondicional: Had I known about the roadworks, I would have taken the train. Should + osnovni oblik je formalni prvi kondicional, čest u poslovnim pismima: Should you need any further information, please contact us. Glavni deo tada može imati will ili imperativ. Were zamenjuje drugi kondicional (Were he here now, he would know what to do), a uz to-infinitiv opisuje manje verovatnu budućnost: Were I to accept the offer, I would have to move. Negacija se ne skraćuje i stoji posle subjekta: Had I not been so tired, a ne Hadn't I been, što je oblik pitanja.
Were it not for, had it not been for i but for
Za „da nije…“ engleski ima nekoliko izraza. Za sadašnjost: If it weren't for the grant ili formalno Were it not for the grant, the museum would have to close. Za prošlost: If it hadn't been for the lifeguard ili Had it not been for the lifeguard, the boy might have drowned. Kraća varijanta je but for + imenica: But for the delay, we would have arrived on time. Glavni deo prati vreme: would + glagol za sadašnjost, would have + particip za prošlost. Posle but for ide samo imenica ili imenička fraza, nikad cela rečenica sa glagolom. Sličan smisao ima i without: Without your help, I would have failed.
It's high time i would rather / would sooner
Posle it's time, it's high time i it's about time + subjekat dolazi past simple, iako se misli na sadašnjost: It's high time we made a decision. Izraz nosi kritiku — to je već trebalo da se desi. Bez subjekta ide to-infinitiv: It's time to leave. Would rather i would sooner sa istim subjektom traže osnovni oblik bez to: I'd rather stay at home, I'd rather not talk about it, I would sooner walk than ask him. Kada uvode drugu osobu, sledi past simple za sadašnjost ili budućnost (I'd rather you didn't use my laptop) i past perfect za prošlost (I'd rather you had told me yesterday). Poređenje dve radnje uvek ide sa than.
As if, as though i suppose / supposing
Posle as if i as though oblik zavisi od toga kako govornik vidi situaciju. Ako je smatra nestvarnom, koristi past (He talks as if he were an expert — verovatno nije) ili past perfect za raniju radnju (She looked as if she had seen a ghost). Ako je situacija verovatna, ide običan indikativ: It looks as if it is going to rain. Suppose i supposing uvode zamišljenu situaciju kao if: Supposing you won the lottery, what would you do?, Supposing the flight had been cancelled, what would you have done? Posle njih ne ide will ni would. Suppose we… može biti i predlog: Suppose we take a short break? U formalnom stilu se piše were (as if he were), a u govoru je čest i was.
Primeri
Had I known about the roadworks, I would have taken the train.
Da sam znao za radove na putu, išao bih vozom.
Should you need any further information, please do not hesitate to contact us.
Ako vam zatrebaju dodatne informacije, slobodno nam se obratite.
Were it not for the scholarship, I couldn't afford to study abroad.
Da nije bilo stipendije, ne bih mogao da priuštim studije u inostranstvu.
It's high time you made a decision.
Krajnje je vreme da doneseš odluku.
I'd rather you didn't tell anyone about this yet.
Više bih voleo da nikome još ne govoriš o ovome.
He described Paris as if he had lived there for years, but he had never actually been.
Opisivao je Pariz kao da je tamo živeo godinama, a nikad nije bio tamo.
Najčešće greške
- • Skraćena negacija u inverziji: Hadn't I been so tired, I would have joined you → Had I not been so tired, I would have joined you.
- • Prošlo vreme umesto participa posle had: Had I knew → Had I known.
- • Buduće vreme posle it's high time: It's high time we will go → It's high time we went.
- • To-infinitiv posle would rather: I'd rather to stay in → I'd rather stay in.
- • Cela rečenica posle but for: But for you helped me, I would have failed → But for your help, I would have failed.
Zašto vežbati hipotetičke strukture na Spremku
Ove strukture se lako pomešaju jer se razlikuju u jednom pomoćnom glagolu ili jednom vremenu. Na Spremku je svako pravilo objašnjeno na srpskom, posle svakog odgovora vidiš zašto je baš taj oblik tačan, a zadaci proveravaju i značenje (šta se zaista desilo u rečenici Had the shop been open…). Kviz je kalibrisan za C1, besplatan i bez registracije.
Česta pitanja
Koji glagoli mogu da zamene if u inverziji?
Samo had, should i were: Had I known…, Should you need help…, Were I you… Oblici kao Did I know… ili Would you need… nisu kondicionali, nego pitanja.
Zašto posle it's high time ide prošlo vreme?
Prošlo vreme ovde ne govori o prošlosti, već pokazuje da radnja još nije urađena, a trebalo je: It's high time you got a job znači da sagovornik još nema posao. Bez subjekta se kaže It's time to go.
Da li posle as if uvek ide were?
Ne. Were (ili past) ide kada govornik situaciju smatra nestvarnom: He acts as if he owned the place. Kada je nešto verovatno, koristi se običan indikativ: It looks as if it's going to snow.