Nivoi engleskog jezika · nivo C1
Nijanse modalnih glagola u engleskom (C1) — objašnjenje i vežbe
Osnovna značenja modala — can za sposobnost, must za obavezu, might za mogućnost — uče se rano. Na nivou C1 važne su nijanse: razlika između may well (verovatno je) i might as well (nema razloga da ne), između needn't have i mustn't, između be bound to i be supposed to, kao i izrazi koji pokazuju stav govornika: I'd have thought…, How dare you!, He will leave his dishes in the sink.
Ove razlike su male u obliku, a velike u značenju — često jedna reč menja to da li se radnja desila ili ne. Na ovoj strani prolaziš značenja jedno po jedno, uz primere i tipične greške, a zatim ih proveravaš u kvizu.
Vežbaj nijanse modalnih glagola →Sigurnost i verovatnoća: bound to, may well, will
Be bound to + infinitiv izražava gotovo potpunu sigurnost, obično o budućnosti: If you leave your bike unlocked, it's bound to get stolen, There are bound to be some problems at first. Slično znače be sure to i be certain to. May well i might well znače „prilično je verovatno“: It may well rain later. Ne mešaj ih sa might as well, koje znači da nema boljeg izbora: The next bus isn't for forty minutes — we might as well walk. Will može izraziti sigurnu pretpostavku o sadašnjosti (That'll be the courier), a will have + particip o nečemu što se već desilo (Ken will have finished his dinner by now). Should izražava očekivanje zasnovano na logici: The parcel should arrive tomorrow.
Be supposed to i očekivanja koja se nisu ostvarila
Be supposed to ima tri česta značenja. Pravilo ili uputstvo: You aren't supposed to wear trainers at work. Ono što se priča: The new café is supposed to be excellent (isto značenje ima be meant to). U prošlosti, plan koji se nije ostvario: I was supposed to meet Sara at six, but she cancelled. I would have thought (I'd have thought) izražava očekivanje koje se nije potvrdilo ili blago neslaganje: I'd have thought you'd be pleased with the result. Might ili could at least have + particip izražava prekor zbog nečega što nije urađeno: You might at least have phoned! A I might have known izražava razočaranje kada se desi nešto loše, ali predvidljivo.
Need i dare kao modali; needn't have
Need i dare mogu se ponašati kao modali, uglavnom u pitanjima i odričnim rečenicama: bez -s, bez to i bez do. You needn't come if you don't want to, Need I remind you that the deadline is tomorrow?, I daren't tell my parents. Kao obični glagoli imaju to i do: You don't need to come, She didn't dare (to) ask him — posle didn't dare moguće je i bez to. Needn't have + particip znači da je radnja urađena, ali nije bila potrebna: We needn't have bought so much food. Mustn't je nešto sasvim drugo — zabrana: You mustn't tell Ana, it's a surprise. Dare ima i ustaljene izraze: How dare you…!, Don't you dare…!, I dare you to jump! i I dare say (pretpostavljam).
Will, would i should koji izražavaju stav
Naglašeno will opisuje karakterističnu, često iritantnu naviku: My flatmate will leave dirty dishes in the sink. U prošlosti isto radi would: She would keep interrupting me. Neutralno would opisuje ponavljanu radnju u prošlosti: Grandpa would tell us the same story every summer. Won't kod stvari znači da „odbijaju“ da rade: The car won't start. Should posle izraza čuđenja ili očekivanosti ističe reakciju govornika: It's strange that he should say that, It's only natural that parents should worry. U pitanju Why should I apologise? izražava ogorčenje. Sve ove upotrebe zavise od konteksta i intonacije, pa ih je najlakše naučiti kroz cele rečenice.
Primeri
Don't worry — with your experience, they are bound to offer you the job.
Ne brini — sa tvojim iskustvom sigurno će ti ponuditi posao.
The next bus isn't for forty minutes. We might as well walk.
Sledeći autobus dolazi tek za četrdeset minuta. Možemo i pešice.
I was supposed to meet Sara at six, but she cancelled.
Trebalo je da se vidim sa Sarom u šest, ali je otkazala.
We needn't have bought so much food — half of it was left over.
Nismo morali da kupimo toliko hrane — pola je ostalo.
I daren't tell my parents that I'd failed the exam.
Ne usuđujem se da kažem roditeljima da sam pao na ispitu.
I would have thought that a hotel in the centre would be more expensive.
Mislio bih da bi hotel u centru bio skuplji.
Najčešće greške
- • To posle modalnog need: You needn't to come → You needn't come (ili You don't need to come).
- • Pogrešan oblik participa: What's that suppose to mean? → What's that supposed to mean?
- • Bound bez to: It's bound get stolen → It's bound to get stolen.
- • Mešanje may well i might as well: It's cloudy, so it might as well rain → It's cloudy, so it may well rain.
- • Needn't umesto zabrane: You needn't tell Ana, it's a surprise → You mustn't tell Ana, it's a surprise.
Zašto vežbati nijanse modala na Spremku
Kod nijansi modala nije dovoljno znati oblik — treba razumeti šta rečenica zaista kaže. Zato kviz uz dopunjavanje ima i zadatke tipa „da li se radnja desila?“ i „šta govornik misli?“, a posle svakog odgovora dobijaš objašnjenje na srpskom. Zadaci su kalibrisani za C1, besplatni i bez registracije.
Česta pitanja
Koja je razlika između may well i might as well?
May well (ili might well) izražava verovatnoću: She may well be right — sasvim je moguće da je u pravu. Might as well (ili may as well) znači da nema boljeg izbora ili razloga da se nešto ne uradi: We might as well walk.
Šta znači needn't have?
Needn't have + particip znači da je radnja urađena, ali je bila nepotrebna: You needn't have brought an umbrella — it didn't rain. Kišobran je ponet uzalud. Kod didn't need to kontekst odlučuje da li je radnja urađena.
Da li je pravilno daren't ili don't dare?
Oba oblika su ispravna. Daren't (dare not) je modalni oblik bez to: I daren't ask. Don't dare i didn't dare su oblici glavnog glagola, a posle njih infinitiv može ići sa to ili bez njega: She didn't dare (to) ask.